Iron-fisted Assad never quelled the Syrian rebels who came back to topple him

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Syria's President Bashar al-Assad meets with Iran's Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi, in Damascus, Syria, December 1, 2024. SANA/Handout via REUTERS

What you need to know:

  • Shaped in its early years by the Iraq war and crisis in Lebanon, Assad's rule was defined by civil war, which spiralled out of the 2011 Arab Spring, when Syrians demanding democracy took to the streets, to be met with deadly force.